THE
SANGHYANG
Towards
the end of the Balinese year, during the last months
of the rainy season, epidemics of malaria and tropical
fevers make their appearance because evil spirits and
leyaks are in the ascendancy; then even the earth is
said to be sick. It is believed that the fanged demon
living on the little island of Nusa Penida, Djero' Gede'
Metjaling, comes to Bali then in the form of a fiery
ball that, upon coming ashore, explodes into a thousand
sparks that spread in all directions. As their glow
dies, they release evil forces that go to spread illness
and misfortune. This is a propitious time for leyaks
to prey on human beings; because of the predominance
of evil forces, the village is then magically weakened.
The dogs gather at the crossroads and howl all night
and the owls hoot, predicting deaths in the village.
Quantities of offerings are made to placate the devils,
and the benign spirits are implored to come down to
earth, through the body of a medium, to advise and protect
the distressed community.
A
performance of sanghyang dedari is one of the most effective
exorcisms; two little girls, trained to go into a trance,
are chosen from all the girls of the village for their
psychic aptitudes by the temple priest, the pemangku,
to receive in their bodies the spirits of the heavenly
nymphs, the beautiful dedari Supraba and Blue Lotus
(Tundjung Biru"). Choruses of men and women are
formed and the training begins. Every night, for weeks,
they all go to the temple, where the women sing traditional
songs while the men chant strange rhythms and harmonies
made up of meaningless syllables, producing a syncopated
accompaniment for the dance that the little girls, the
sanghyangs, will perform. By degrees the little girls
become more and more subject to the ecstasy produced
by the intoxicating songs, by the incense, and by the
hypnotic power of the pernangku. The training goes on
until the girls are able to fall into a deep trance,
and a formal performance can be given. It is extraordinary
that although the little girls have never received dancing
lessons once in a trance they are able to dance in any
style, all of which would require ordinary dancers months
and years of training to learn. But the Balinese ask
how it could be otherwise, since it is the goddesses
who dance in the bodies of the little girls.
When
the girls are ready, they are taken to the death temple
where a sanggar agung, a high altar, has been erected,
filled with offerings for the sun. The Pemangku sits
facing the altar in fro of a brazier where incense of
three sorts is burned. The little girls wear ear-plugs
of gold, heavy silver anklets, bracelets, an rings.
Their hair is loose and they are dressed in white skirts
They kneel in front of the altar on each side of the
priest. The women singers sit in-a circle around them,
while the men main in a group in the back. Their jewellery
is removed and put in a bowl of water; small incense
braziers are placed in front of each girl. After a short
prayer by the priest the women sing:
Fragrant is the smoke of the incense, the smoke of the
sandal. wood, the smoke that coils and coils upwards
towards the home the three gods. We are cleansed to
call the nymphs to descend from heaven. We ask Supraba
and Tundjung Biru to come down to us, beautiful in their
bodices of gold. Flying down from heaven, they fly in
spirals, fly down from the, North-East, where they build
their home.
Their
garden is filled with, golden flowers that grow side
by side, with the pandanus, the scorpion orchids, the
tigakantju, pineapples soli and sempol, their tender
leaves gracefully drooping; drooping they spread their
perfume through the garden.
Our thoughts shall rise like smoke towards the dedari,
who will" descend from heaven.
Soon the girls begin to drowse and fall in a sudden
faint. The, women support their limp bodies in a sitting-position,
and after a while the girls begin to move again, as
if suffering intense pain, then trembling all over and
swaying faster and faster, their heads rolling until
their loose hair describes a wide circle. From this
time on the girls remain with closed eyes and do not
open them until the end of the ceremony, when they are
taken out of the trance. With their bare hands they
brush off the glowing coals from the braziers, making
inarticulate sounds that are taken to be mantras, magic
formulas, mumbled by the heavenly nymphs that have entered
their bodies. From now m they are addressed as goddesses.
Women attendants remove their white skirts and replace
them with gilt ones. Their waists are tightly bound
in strips of gold cloth, and each girl is given a jacket,
a golden bodice, and a silver belt, in all a legong
costume. The jewellery that lay in the bowl of holy
water is put on again. The holy bead-dresses of gold
are brought in on. cushions decorated with fresh frangipani
flowers, and the girls are guided so that they can put
them on themselves while the women Sing about the. beauty
of the bead-dresses and the elegance of their clothes:
The
head-dress, the head-dress circled with jasmines, the
garuda mungkur ornament on its back, enhanced with sempol
and gambir flowers, crowned with fragrant sandat and
yellow pistils of merak.
Tightly
bound in their sashes they dance in the middle of the
court, they dance slowly and glide from side to side,
sway and swing in ecstasy.
The
pemangku, until then motionless and concentrating, now
takes a coconut with the holy water about to be sanctified,
water in which have been placed various sorts of flowers
and three small branches of dadap bound in red, black,
and white thread. Then be asks the sanghyangs to turn
the water into an amulet.
The
sanghyangs begin to dance with closed eyes, accompanied
by alternating choruses of the men who sing in furious
syncopation: " Kechak-kechak-kechak - chakchakchak!_
and by the women who sing:
The
flower menuk that makes one happy, the white flower,
it is - it is - it is white and in rows, like, the stars
above, like the constellations, like the constellation
kartika, that scintillates, they scintillate, scintillate
and fade away, fade away and disappear, disappear, disappear
because of the moonlight.
Lengkik,
lengkik, lengkik, says the plaintive song of the lonely
dasih bird that was left behind. Oh, how he cries He
cries, cries like the cry of a child who must be amused,
amused by the dancing of the dedaris. Lengkik, lengkik,
swing and sway in ecstasy. . .
The sanghyangs may suddenly decide to go to another
temple or tour the village, chasing the leyaks, followed
by the singing men and women. The sanghyangs must not
touch the impure ground outside the temple and are carried
everywhere on the'
shoulders of men. They stop at a second temple, where
a pile of coconut shells burns in the center of the
court. The sanghyangs dance unconcerned in and out of
the fire, scattering the glowing coals in all directions
with their bare feet. They may even decide to take a
bath of fire, picking up the coals in both hands and
pouring them over themselves.
When
the fire is extinguished, the girls climb onto the shoulders
of two men who walk around the courtyard, the girls'
prehensile feet clutching the men's shoulders, balancing
themselves and dancing gracefully from the waist up,
bending back at incredible angles. In this manner they
give the illusion of gliding through the air. The temperamental
girls may suddenly decide that the dance is over. Then
they must be taken out o the trance with more songs;
and the sanghyangs become ordinary girls again, they
distribute the flowers from their headdresses as amulets
and sprinkle the crowd with holy water:
Beautiful goddess stand up, goddess, stand up. The singers
have come and are singing the sanghyang. Come, goddess,
goddess, we ask of the nymphs to come to us for a while
and go around, go around. Oh, beautiful goddess! take
the holy water from the altar, the holy, the clear,
the immaculate water with frangipani, white maduri)
white hibiscus and blue teleng. The water in the gold
coconut, the liberating, water, the water made in heaven.
Sprinkle it over yourself and go and spray the singers.
Then go home, go home to the Indraloka. Go and bathe
in the garden and adorn yourself with white orchids,
then go home, goddess, go home, back to heaven, and
disappear into space, go into space. The wind blows,
fly with the wind goddess; the body remains to take
again its human form. . . .
The ceremony lasts for two or three hours, but despite
the intensity of the performance the little girls give
no evidence of exhaustion and the explanation they give
comes back to our minds: the dancers., fascinated by
their own rhythm, move in a supernatural world where
fatigue is unknown. In ordinary life the little girls
are normal children. However, they are forbidden to
creep under the bed, to eat the remains of another person's
food or the food from offerings, and must be refined
in manners and speech. Their parents are exempt from
certain village duties and are regarded highly by the
rest of the community.
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